Where Every Number Comes From
Every source named in the volumes and the bonuses · last updated July 2026
Every table in our books names its source in the small print beside its title. This page carries that same list, out in the open, so you can check us before you ever hand us a dollar — not after.
What is here is the union of the two sources chapters printed inside the books, with the entries that both volumes share written once. Nothing a volume cites is left off this page. Where a book names a table, a bulletin number or a printed page, so does the entry below; where the book deliberately gives no page number — because the pagination could not be checked against a page image — the entry says so here too, in the same words.
Most of these records are free to read online this minute. Where a public scan exists and we have opened it ourselves, the link is right there beside the entry. Where one doesn’t — or where we could not confirm a stable public address — the entry stands with no link and says so plainly. We would rather leave a blank than send an older reader to a dead page.
If you find a figure in one of our books that doesn’t trace to the source named beside it and listed here, write to contact@oldwisdombook.com — a person answers. We correct the record in the next edition, and we thank the person who caught it.
The price bulletins — Bureau of Labor Statistics
The government wrote down what things cost, year after year, for seventy-five years. These are the volumes it wrote them in.
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Retail Prices of Food, 1923–36, Bulletin No. 635 (GPO, 1937). Tables 7–9. Read the scan — FRASER, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis →
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Retail Prices of Food, 1964–68, Indexes and Average Prices, Bulletin No. 1632 (GPO, 1969). Table 6. Read the scan — FRASER (PDF) →
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Handbook of Labor Statistics 1976, Bulletin 1905 (GPO, 1976). Table 123 — 1970 and 1975 food prices. Read the scan — FRASER (PDF) →
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Bulletin 396, Retail Prices, 1890 to 1922. Not quoted directly: it is the underlying data behind the Historical Statistics table listed below, and is named wherever those early years appear. Cited through Historical Statistics; no separate scan linked here.
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U, series CUUR0000SA0, 1982–84 = 100) — annual averages 1913–2025 and monthly 2026 values, retrieved from the BLS public data service, July 2026. This edition’s conversions use May 2026 = 335.123, the latest month published at press time. Values before 1978 are the Bureau’s own historical estimates carried onto the CPI-U series. The Bureau’s CPI home page →
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 100 Years of U.S. Consumer Spending: Data for the Nation, New York City, and Boston, Report 991 (May 2006) — the United States columns of the expenditure-and-share tables for 1901, 1918–19, 1934–36, 1950, 1960–61, 1972–73 and 2002–03, from the Consumer Expenditure Survey. “Housing” in these tables bundles shelter with utilities, furnishings and household operation, except in 1918–19 where rent is broken out; the report’s own notes state that itemized expenditures are not all-inclusive, that shares do not add to 100 because of rounding, and that cash contributions and personal insurance sit outside the 1950 and 1960 shares. Every one of those cautions is carried in the book. Read the report — BLS (PDF) →
The Census Bureau and Historical Statistics
One book holds most of the long series — the Bicentennial edition of Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970. Its chapters are scanned as separate files; the three we lean on are linked here.
- U.S. Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970, Bicentennial Edition (GPO, 1975): Series E 187–202, “Retail Prices of Selected Foods in U.S. Cities: 1890 to 1970,” printed p. 213; and Series E 135, “Consumer Price Indexes (BLS) — All Items,” printed pp. 210–211, spliced to the CPI-U base at the 1913 pivot (9.9 ÷ 29.7) for the years before 1913. The table carries its own caveat — that 1890–1914 national averages are estimates built from price relatives — and we quote that caveat wherever those years appear. Conversions made through the splice are marked approximate. Read the scan — Part 1, Chapter E (PDF) →
- Historical Statistics, Series D 802–810, “Earnings and Hours of Production Workers in Manufacturing: 1909 to 1970,” printed p. 169; and Series D 722–727, “Average Annual Earnings of Employees: 1900 to 1970,” printed p. 164 (the Lebergott series). When-employed and after-unemployment bases are different things; which one a figure rests on is stated in the text beside it. Read from a high-resolution render — this scan carries no text layer. Read the scan — Part 1, Chapter D (PDF) →
- Historical Statistics, Part 2, Series Q 148–162, “Motor-Vehicle Factory Sales and Registrations, and Motor-Fuel Usage: 1900 to 1970,” printed p. 716. Passenger cars sold (Q 148) and their wholesale value (Q 149); the average factory value per car is computed from the two. The table’s own headnote — the value excludes federal excise taxes, and standard equipment is included only from 1937 — is quoted wherever those rows appear, and the figures are labelled factory value, never the price a family paid. Read from a 300-dpi render; the scan carries no text layer. Read the scan — Part 2, Chapter Q (PDF) →
- U.S. Census Bureau, Historical Census of Housing Tables — “Median Home Values: Unadjusted” and “Median Gross Rents: Unadjusted,” from the decennial censuses. Median home values → Median gross rents →
- U.S. Bureau of the Census, U.S. Census of Housing: 1950, Volume I, General Characteristics, Part 1: United States Summary, “Summary of Findings,” printed p. xxxv — median value of nonfarm owner-occupied dwelling units for 1930, 1940 and 1950, and median contract monthly rent for the same three censuses. The Bureau’s own warning on that page — that the three years do not describe identical units of housing, and that its data are not comparable to price indexes measuring the same house over time — is carried in the text wherever those figures appear. Read the scan — Census (PDF) →
- U.S. Census Bureau and U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Survey of Construction, New Residential Sales — “Sales Price of New Privately-Owned Houses Sold,” annual series, 1963–2025. The note printed in the file: “The sales price includes the land.” The series begins in 1963. There is no federal median sale price for existing houses before that year; the series usually quoted for those years belongs to a trade association and is not used in this book. Read the series — Census →
- U.S. Census Bureau, Survey of Construction, Characteristics of New Housing — “Median and Average Square Feet of Floor Area in New Single-Family Houses Completed,” United States. The series begins in 1973, so no median floor area is printed for the houses of the 1950s or 1960s; estimates before 1999 are rounded to the nearest five square feet. Read the series — Census →
- U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P-60: No. 7 (income in 1949); No. 37 (“Income of Families and Persons in the United States: 1960”); No. 80 (income in 1970); No. 105 (money income in 1975). P-60 No. 37 (PDF) → P-60 No. 80 (PDF) → P-60 No. 105 (PDF) → No. 7 — consulted in the same series; no stable public scan address confirmed.
- U.S. Census Bureau, Table F-7, “Type of Family — All Families by Median and Mean Income: 1947 to 2024” (Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement), current dollars. This is the median-family-income denominator behind every ratio in the books from 1947 forward. The series does not begin earlier, which is why pre-war ratios use average annual earnings per employee instead and say so in the row. Table F-7 prints $13,720 for 1975 where P-60 No. 105 prints $13,719 — two federal tables, one year, a dollar apart. The chapters that divide one figure by another use Table F-7; the decade chapters carry the P-60 figure in their own text. Both are printed as the government printed them, and the dollar moves no ratio on any page. Historical income tables: families →
- Median household income, 2024: $83,730 (U.S. Census Bureau, CPS Annual Social and Economic Supplement) and $81,604 (U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 1-year 2024, table B19013). Two federal surveys, the same year and the same concept, two different answers; both are printed where they are used rather than reconciled. See B19013 — Census →
- U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 1-year 2024, United States: B25077 (median value of owner-occupied units, $360,600), B25064 (median gross rent, $1,487 a month), and B25071 (median gross rent as a percentage of household income, 30.9 percent). B25071 is a household-level ratio, which is not the same measurement as a median rent divided by a median income, and is never compared with one in the book. See B25071 — Census →
- U.S. Census Bureau, Table HH-6, “Average Population Per Household and Family: 1940 to Present” (decennial census 1940; CPS ASEC 1947–2025) — the household counts behind every per-household figure in the books, and the persons-per-household divisor in the floor-area table. Household tables — Census →
Paychecks, incomes, and relief
- National Resources Committee, Consumer Incomes in the United States: Their Distribution in 1935–36 (GPO, 1938). Table 1, p. 4, and p. 2. Read the scan — FRASER (PDF) →
- U.S. Department of Labor, Wage and Hour Division, “History of Federal Minimum Wage Rates Under the Fair Labor Standards Act, 1938–2009.” Read the chart — U.S. Department of Labor →
- Federal Works Agency, Final Report on the WPA Program, 1935–43 (GPO, 1946), p. 26 — relief earnings. Federal work, public domain; no free public scan confirmed at a stable address.
Houses, land, and the mortgage
The best evidence in these books about what a house cost and who could borrow for one comes from the agency that insured the loan — and it is the narrowest, because an insured buyer is not the whole country. The books say so on the page.
- Federal Housing Administration, 27th Annual Report (for calendar year 1960): Table III-35, “Characteristics of 1-family home transactions, Sec. 203, selected years,” printed pp. 62–63; Table III-37 (term of mortgage), printed p. 64; Table III-54, whose last column is headed “Ratio of property value to income,” printed p. 79; Table III-55, printed p. 81. The technical notes record the sample: 46,600 new-home and 56,800 existing-home cases, half of those insured under Section 203(b) in the first nine months of 1960, drawn by case number. Transcribed from a 300-dpi render of the scan rather than from its OCR layer. Read the report — HUD User (PDF) →
- Federal Housing Administration, Seventh Annual Report (for 1940), “Duration of Mortgage” and “Ratio of Loan to Value,” printed pp. 68–69, with Table 33 (duration of mortgage) and Table 34 (ratio of loan to value), 1935–1940. Read from a 400-dpi render. Read the report — HUD User (PDF) →
- Federal Housing Finance Agency, Monthly Interest Rate Survey historical summary tables, “Terms on Conventional Single-Family Mortgages, Annual National Averages”: Table 9 (all homes), Table 10 (newly built homes), Table 11 (previously occupied homes), 1963–2018. The survey was run by the Federal Home Loan Bank Board from 1963 to 1989 and by FHFA afterward, with a final release in May 2019. It covers conventional loans only — FHA and VA loans are excluded — which is why its terms and down payments differ so sharply from the FHA rows. The survey — FHFA →
- Integrated Financial Engineering, Inc., Evolution of the U.S. Housing Finance System: A Historical Survey and Lessons for Emerging Mortgage Markets, prepared for the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research, April 2006, printed p. 3 — pre-1930s loan terms and maximum loan-to-value. The report carries its own disclaimer that its contents are the views of the contractor and do not necessarily reflect those of the Department, and it is cited in the text as a study prepared for HUD rather than as HUD. Read the study — HUD User (PDF) →
- Housing and Home Finance Agency, Second Annual Report, Calendar Year 1948 (GPO), printed pp. 6–7 — the Housing Act of 1948 liberalizing federal mortgage insurance for lower-priced sales housing “through longer and higher percentage mortgages.” The report states the intent but no numeric maximum maturity, and none is printed in the book. Federal work, public domain; consulted on govinfo (package GOVPUB-HH-8bed21c65461ee11e65c55fe15255be9). No short stable address confirmed.
- U.S. National Park Service, WWII and postwar home-front articles — the source for the statement that restrictive covenants and other racial discrimination excluded Black, Asian, Latino and Jewish families from many suburban developments. Home-front articles — National Park Service →
Fuel, the mails, and the bond
- U.S. Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review 2011, Table 5.24, “Retail Motor Gasoline and On-Highway Diesel Fuel Prices, 1949–2011.” Read the table — EIA →
- USPS Historian, “Rates for Domestic Letters Since 1863.” Read the record — USPS Historian (PDF) →
- TreasuryDirect, history of the U.S. savings-bond program — the baby bonds, Series E, and the $18.75 → $25 structure. Read the history — TreasuryDirect →
- TreasuryDirect, “History of Savings Bonds — The Payroll Savings Plan” — the wartime everybody every payday campaign, Treasury’s own account of the plan’s long decline beginning in the 1980s, the phase-out of paper bonds through employer payroll plans as of January 1, 2011, and the discontinuation of the plan on January 31, 2025. Treasury publishes no participation counts on that page, and none are printed in the book. Read it — TreasuryDirect →
Banks, clubs, and scrip
The places ordinary money actually sat before it sat in a checking account.
- USPS Historian, Postal Savings System (July 2008) — the founding aims quoted verbatim, the dime card and the stamps, 2% interest and the redeposit spread, the balance caps, deposit figures 1929–1964, and the 1966–67 wind-down. Read the history — USPS Historian (PDF) →
- Library of Congress, “Saving for the Holidays the Old-Fashioned Way” — the Christmas Club: Carlisle Trust Company, 1909; Merkel Landis; “as little as a penny a week”; the first club’s 350 members and its December payout. Read it — Library of Congress →
- Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, Bruce Champ, “Stamp Scrip: Money People Paid to Use,” Economic Commentary, April 2008 — the Depression scrip peak, Hawarden, Iowa, and Irving Fisher. Read it — Cleveland Fed →
- Loren Gatch, “Local Scrip in the USA” — the “several hundred” issuers, quoted verbatim; and the Tenino, Washington wooden money as documented in the same literature. Scholarly article; no free public scan confirmed at a stable address.
- Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, deposit-insurance histories and The First Fifty Years — roughly 9,000 bank suspensions 1929–33, about $1.3 billion of depositor losses, and insurance effective January 1, 1934 to $2,500. Federal work, public domain; the specific historical papers move between addresses, so no link is given here.
- Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Household Debt and Credit Report, Q1 2026 — the credit-card balance used as the single modern contrast in Volume II. Read the report series — New York Fed →
- Smithsonian National Postal Museum — Postal Savings context. Museum exhibit pages; no stable public scan address confirmed.
The mutual purse — the circle, the charter, the lodge, the debit man
Four instruments, one idea, and a record that is uneven on purpose: the federal papers say plainly where no count exists, and the book repeats them rather than filling the hole.
- Christy Chung Hevener, “Alternative Financial Vehicles: Rotating Savings and Credit Associations (ROSCAs),” Community Affairs Department Discussion Paper, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, November 2006 — the definition of the arrangement, the mechanics and the worked ten-month example, the appendix of names, the three surviving American estimates, and the statement that “no firm numbers exist.” Shirley Ardener’s 1964 definition, and the findings of Light (1972), Bonnett (1981) and Light & Bonacich (1988), are quoted and cited as this paper reports them; none of those works was consulted separately. The paper carries the Bank’s standard note that the views are the author’s own. Read the paper — Philadelphia Fed (PDF) →
- Brent W. Stoffle, Richard W. Stoffle, Jessica Minnis and Kathleen Van Vlack, “Women’s Power and Community Resilience: Rotating Savings and Credit Associations in Barbados and The Bahamas,” Caribbean Studies 42, no. 1 (January–June 2014), pp. 45–69; open access — the Caribbean names, the ritual titles, the hand, the annual twelve-member cycle, and the rule for changing a turn. Read the article (PDF) →
- David A. Price and John R. Walter, “It’s a Wonderful Loan: A Short History of Building and Loan Associations,” Economic Brief EB19-01, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, January 2019 — Oxford Provident’s terms, the bidding rotation, the mortgage market under the National Bank Act of 1864, the association and membership series 1893–1939, and the reason given for the Depression closures. The 1893 line (5,598 associations, 1,349,437 members, $473.1 million, and the members’ occupations) is the U.S. Commissioner of Labor’s survey of that year as footnoted in this brief; that survey was not consulted separately. The brief carries the Bank’s standard note that the views are the authors’ own. Read the brief — Richmond Fed →
- “Savings Societies,” The Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia (Rutgers University–Camden) — Comly Rich, his trades and the $375 first loan; the more than four hundred Philadelphia thrifts counted in the 1893 federal survey; the neighborhood and ethnic names; the thirty-six minority-owned associations and the Berean Building and Loan Association of 1888. Rich’s street is printed without a house number because this source gives two. Read the essay →
- W. E. B. Du Bois, ed., Economic Co-operation Among Negro Americans, Atlanta University Publications No. 12 (Atlanta: Atlanta University Press, 1907) — the terms of the six Warsaw, Georgia societies, which Du Bois footnotes to Work in the Southern Workman, January 1908; the Baltimore beneficial societies; the Virginia account of societies that “have gone to the wall”; and the founding of the Savings Bank of the Grand Fountain. Public domain (pre-1931); read in the Documenting the American South transcription. No page numbers are given, in the book or here: the transcription’s pagination was not checked against a page image. Two figures in it — a Baltimore death benefit and a Philadelphia sick benefit — are arithmetically impossible against the dues printed beside them and are left out of the book. Read it — Documenting the American South →
- David T. Beito, “From Mutual Aid to Welfare State: How Fraternal Societies Fought Poverty and Taught Character” (The Heritage Foundation) — the author’s own summary of his From Mutual Aid to the Welfare State: Fraternal Societies and Social Services, 1890–1967 (University of North Carolina Press, 2000). The one-third-of-adult-males figure for 1910 and the list of fraternal services are taken from that summary, quoted with attribution; the book itself was not consulted, and the widely repeated 1920 figures are not used. Think-tank publication; no stable public scan address confirmed.
- Louis D. Brandeis, Business — A Profession, the chapter on savings-bank life insurance (first published in Collier’s Weekly, September 15, 1906; book 1914, revised 1925) — the 1906 policy and face-value totals, the three companies’ 94.3 percent, the lapse rates, the graded death benefit before 1906, the three named evils, and the reductions measured after 1906. Public domain. The average face value printed in the book is the book’s own division of two of his figures and is labeled as such. Read the chapter — Brandeis Collection, University of Louisville →
- Mary L. Heen, “Ending Jim Crow Life Insurance Rates,” Northwestern Journal of Law and Social Policy 4, no. 2 (Fall 2009); open access — what “debit” insurance was, the three-cent child premium, and, through her footnotes, John F. Dryden’s March 1881 Prudential memorandum as reproduced in that company’s 1900 history, the Massachusetts statute of 1884 and the states that followed it, and Marquis James’s 1947 Metropolitan history. Those three works are quoted as Heen reproduces them; none was consulted separately, and none is reproduced. Read the article (PDF) →
- Weltha Van Eenam, Office of the Actuary, “Life-insurance and Annuities on United States Lives, 1935–43,” Social Security Bulletin 7, no. 12 (December 1944), p. 14 — the roughly $250 average policy, collection at the policyholder’s home, the concentration in three large companies, and the actuary’s own “possibly” 55 million policyholders. Federal work — public domain. Taken from the article’s running prose; its tables are not used, because the available scan renders them unreliably. Read it — Social Security Administration (PDF) →
- Frank Byrd, “Rent Parties,” U.S. Work Projects Administration, Federal Writers’ Project; companion manuscript “[Harlem Rent Parties],” New York City, March 22, 1939 — Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, WPA Federal Writers’ Project Collection, Folklore Project, Life Histories, MSS55715, Box A721. The Library states it is not aware of any copyright in the collection. One sentence only is quoted — the twenty-five-cent admission — because that sentence could be cross-checked against the Library’s own indexed text; the surrounding account is paraphrased. No figure is given for what a rent party raised, because the manuscript gives none. Read the manuscript — Library of Congress →
The two counters — layaway and the trading stamp
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Marketing Service — Marketing Research Report No. 147, Do Trading Stamps Affect Food Costs? (January 1957); No. 169, Trading Stamps and the Consumer’s Food Bill (May 1957); and No. 295, Trading Stamps and Their Impact on Food Prices (December 1958). Federal works — public domain. Between them: the stamp company’s cycle and the trade’s own sales language; the November 1956 Washington pricing of catalog premiums and the value of a filled book (No. 169, Table 1); the 1957 census of book sizes and minimum purchases (No. 295, Table 4); the Bureau of Labor Statistics special tabulation across twenty-one cities; the grocers’ survey; the three sources of a stamp company’s profit and the unregulated reserves; the state-law survey; and the 1958 plateau. Where the January 1957 report’s industry estimates differ from the December 1958 report’s own survey of 303 firms, the book follows the later report and says so on the page. Search the reports — AgEcon Search →
- FTC v. Sperry & Hutchinson Co., 405 U.S. 233 (1972), decided March 1, 1972 — the 1964 industry figures at pp. 236–238, the notice printed inside the stamp book as the Court reproduced it from the record, the injunctions and threatened suits of 1957–1965, and the holding on the Commission’s authority over unfair practices. Federal judicial opinion — public domain. Read the opinion — Library of Congress (PDF) →
- Rast v. Van Deman & Lewis Co., 240 U.S. 342; Tanner v. Little, 240 U.S. 369; and Pitney v. Washington, 240 U.S. 387 (all 1916) — the three decisions that left trading stamps to the states. Cited as Marketing Research Report No. 295 cites them (printed p. 12, n. 10); the opinions themselves were not consulted.
- 12 CFR Part 1026 (Regulation Z), Supplement I — Official Interpretations, comment 2(a)(14)–1.i: layaway plans are not credit unless the consumer is contractually obligated to continue paying, and the absence of a refund entitlement does not make them credit. Federal regulation — public domain. Read the interpretation — eCFR →
- New York General Business Law § 396-t, “Unlawful practices relating to layaway plans” — the required written disclosures, including any service, carrying or cancellation charge, and the bar on imposing a charge that was not disclosed. The statutory text is used; no enactment year is given anywhere in the book, because the legislative history was not verified.
- B. Glassman, Consumer Remedies Under Layaway Plans (National Consumer Law Center, 1980) — the finding that four states had reached layaway through their unfair-practices statutes as of that year. Cited from the published abstract (NCJRS, NCJ 69112); the report itself was not consulted.
- Four period advertisements, Library of Congress, Chronicling America — The Laredo Times (Laredo, Texas), September 6, 1935, p. 4; Evening Star (Washington, D.C.), July 5, 1939, p. 20, and February 9, 1947, p. 47; The Lincoln Times (Lincolnton, N.C.), November 8, 1954, p. 3. These four are described in substance and never quoted: only the Library’s machine transcriptions were read, the page images were not retrieved, and no words from them appear in the book inside quotation marks. Search the papers — Library of Congress →
- Warren E. Buffett, Berkshire Hathaway Inc., 2006 Annual Report, chairman’s letter (dated February 28, 2007), p. 19 — the four Blue Chip Stamps sales figures for 1970, 1980, 1990 and 2006, and the 1970 stamp and catalog detail. Copyrighted: the figures are used with attribution and no part of the letter is reproduced. The 99.98 percent fall is the book’s own arithmetic on his four numbers. Read the letter (PDF) →
- Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, “CFPB Study Details the Rapid Growth of ‘Buy Now, Pay Later’ Lending,” press release, September 15, 2022, and Buy Now, Pay Later: Market Trends and Consumer Impacts (September 2022). Federal works — public domain. One large retailer’s 2011 layaway revival and its retirement a decade later are reported from contemporaneous trade and broadcast accounts, were not confirmed against a company release, and are therefore named without terms or figures. Read the report — CFPB (PDF) →
Her own money — the farm surveys, the statutes, the credit desk
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Report 106, Economic Needs of Farm Women, and Report 103, Social and Labor Needs of Farm Women (both GPO, 1915) — extracts from letters received in answer to the Department’s inquiry: the Department’s own use of “pin money” and its summary of the letters; the requests for a dollar a week and a dollar a day; the county-fair premium list; the Tennessee man whose wife “runs her own bank account”; the woman who is “the steward of riches, the actual possessor of none”; and, from Report 103, the “no hens” letter. Federal works — public domain. Report 106 — Internet Archive → Report 103 — Internet Archive →
- Florence E. Ward, The Farm Woman’s Problems, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Department Circular 148 (GPO, November 1920) — the survey of 10,044 farm women in the Northern and Western states, and Tables V and VI on printed p. 11, whose column headings are the Department’s own words, “Have butter money” and “Have egg money.” Federal work — public domain. Both tables were read from the page images of the circular rather than from machine text. Read it — Internet Archive →
- Annie G. Porritt, comp., Laws Affecting Women and Children in the Suffrage and Non-Suffrage States (New York: National American Woman Suffrage Association, 1917) — the statement of the old doctrine, the unenforceable right of support, and the six state digests quoted in Volume II. Public domain (pre-1931). The compiler was an advocacy organization and the compilation states its own limit — “believed to be substantially correct through 1915” — so the statutory language is used and the editorial passages are not. No page numbers are given, in the book or here: those in hand were taken from running heads in machine text and were not checked against page images. Read it — Internet Archive →
- U.S. National Park Service, “Betsy Love: The First American Woman to Gain Rights to Property” — the 1829 deed, Fisher v. Allen in the Mississippi Supreme Court in 1837, the Married Women’s Property Act of 1839, and the contradiction the Service itself names. Federal work — public domain. No language from the 1839 act is quoted in the book. Read it — National Park Service →
- Laws of New York 1848, ch. 200, and Laws of New York 1860, ch. 90 — named in the book for their dates and their effect (the property she brought in first, her earnings twelve years later) and for nothing more. No statutory language is quoted from either. The texts in hand came from search summaries citing the New York State Archives, and the archive images were not read. This is the weakest citation in the volume and is marked as such inside the book. No stable public scan address confirmed.
- U.S. Department of Labor, Women’s Bureau, The Legal Status of Women in the United States of America: Report for Alaska as of January 1, 1958, Bulletin 157-51 (GPO, 1958) — the standing section headings the Bureau applied to every state, and Alaska’s answer under heading 8, on a married woman’s right to engage in a separate business. Federal work — public domain. Read it — Internet Archive →
- Micaela Valadez and Katherine Kuehler Walters, “Matrimonial Property Act of 1967,” Handbook of Texas Online (Texas State Historical Association) — the Texas act signed in May 1967 and in force January 1, 1968. Attributed in the text to the association rather than to the statute, which was not consulted. Read the entry →
- National Commission on Consumer Finance, Consumer Credit in the United States: Report of the National Commission on Consumer Finance (GPO, December 1972), chapter 8, pp. 152–153 — the May 1972 hearings, the five numbered findings, the letters, the licensee’s statement about whose name a card carried, the St. Paul Department of Human Rights test of twenty-three banks, and the finding about graduated rate-ceiling statutes. Federal work — public domain. The letters are quoted as the Commission printed them and are attributed to no one: the available scan ends at p. 153, before the chapter’s notes. Read it — Internet Archive →
- Two Russell Sage Foundation studies, both public domain (pre-1931): Margaret F. Byington, Homestead: The Households of a Mill Town (New York: Charities Publication Committee, 1910) — the housekeeper’s purse strings tugged with every wage cut; and Joanna C. Colcord, Broken Homes: A Study of Family Desertion and Its Social Treatment (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1919) — the Philadelphia charity survey’s 87 per cent, the caseworker’s “poor man’s vacation,” and the reasons named for taking a deserter back. Page numbers are not given for either, in the book or here: those in hand were inferred from running markers in machine text. Byington — Internet Archive → Colcord — Internet Archive →
Credit, pensions, and taxes
- Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Statistical Release G.19, “Consumer Credit Outstanding (Levels), Major Types of Credit,” monthly, seasonally adjusted, January 1943 to date — the revolving column reads n.a. for every month through December 1967 and begins with January 1968; and the quarterly memo table, in which the student-loan column reads n.a. until the first quarter of 2006 while motor-vehicle loans are carried from 1943. A work of the Board of Governors, which is a federal agency — public domain. Read the historical tables — Federal Reserve Board →
- Federal Reserve G.19, “Terms of Credit at Finance Companies” — average maturity and average amount financed on new-car loans. The series begins in June 1971; no car-loan term for an earlier year is printed in the book. Beginning with the April 2024 release the finance-company terms are produced from Experian data and the earlier series were discontinued, so the 1971 reading and the 2025 reading are not one unbroken series, and the book says so. The release — Federal Reserve Board →
- U.S. Department of Labor, Employee Benefits Security Administration, Private Pension Plan Bulletin Historical Tables and Graphs, 1975–2023 (September 2025): Table E1 (number of plans), Table E7 (active participants by type of plan), Table E19 (401(k)-type plans, first reported separately for 1984). Compiled from Form 5500 filings; the Department notes definitional changes across the series and that a worker in two plans is counted twice, so these are participant counts and not a coverage rate for American workers, and they are not used as one. The bulletins — U.S. Department of Labor →
- Alfred M. Skolnik, “Private Pension Plans, 1950–74,” Social Security Bulletin (Social Security Administration) — coverage equal to about 44 percent of the private employed wage and salary labor force at the end of 1974 against 22 percent in 1950, the beneficiary counts, and the employer share of contributions; and Walter W. Kolodrubetz, “Two Decades of Employee-Benefit Plans, 1950–70: A Review,” Social Security Bulletin, April 1972 — nearly 50 percent of the private wage and salary work force with private retirement plans in 1970, and workplace health insurance rising from about 50 percent to about 80 percent between 1950 and 1970. Federal works — public domain. Skolnik (PDF) → Kolodrubetz (PDF) →
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Employee Benefits in the United States — March 2025,” news release USDL-25-1464 (released September 25, 2025) — retirement and medical-plan access and participation among private industry workers, and access to defined benefit plans by size of establishment. Read the release — BLS →
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Monthly Labor Review, August 1982, reporting the Employee Benefits Survey of medium and large firms for 1981 — the share of covered employees whose health, pension, life and disability coverage was fully paid by the employer. Medium and large firms only, and 1981 is the earliest year measured this way; these figures are never carried backward into the 1960s in the book. Read the article (PDF) →
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Employee Tenure in 2024” news release — median tenure with current employer in January 2024, by age and sex. The comparable series does not reach the 1950s or 1960s, so no tenure figure for those years is printed. Read the release — BLS →
- U.S. Treasury Department, Internal Revenue Service, Statistics of Income — 1960, Individual Income Tax Returns: Table A, “Number of Returns, Income, and Taxes: 1960 and 1959,” printed p. 4 (61,027,931 returns filed, of which 48,060,985 were taxable), and the narrative on printed p. 26 (the 10 percent standard deduction, elected on 60.5 percent of all returns). Read it — IRS (PDF) →
- Barry W. Johnson and others, “Ninety Years of Individual Income and Tax Statistics, 1916–2005,” Statistics of Income Bulletin, Winter 2008 (Internal Revenue Service) — the count of returns filed by decade and the all-returns average tax rate, which the Service defines as income tax before credits divided by total income. It is the system’s average, weighted by income, and is never presented in the book as what a family paid. Read it — IRS (PDF) →
- Internal Revenue Service, SOI Tax Stats, Historical Table 23, “U.S. Individual Income Tax: Personal Exemptions and Lowest and Highest Bracket Tax Rates, and Tax Base for Regular Tax, Tax Years 1913–2018” — the $600 exemption and the 20 percent bottom bracket to $4,000 used in the illustrative 1960 example. The table publishes only the bottom and top brackets, which is why the book computes no median-family tax for years in which that family’s taxable income runs past the bottom bracket. See the table — IRS →
- Social Security Administration, Office of the Chief Actuary, “FICA & SECA Tax Rates” and “Contribution and Benefit Base” — the 3.0 percent employee rate on the first $4,800 of wages in 1960. Tax rates → Contribution and benefit base →
Statutes and decisions
- Public Law 91-508, Title V, § 502(a), approved October 26, 1970, adding section 132 to the Consumer Credit Protection Act and now codified at 15 U.S.C. § 1642, “Issuance of credit cards.” Statutory text from the Office of the Law Revision Counsel, U.S. House of Representatives. Read the section — U.S. Code →
- Marquette National Bank of Minneapolis v. First of Omaha Service Corp., 439 U.S. 299 (No. 77-1265), argued October 31, 1978, decided December 18, 1978, construing 12 U.S.C. § 85 of the National Bank Act. The sentence quoted in the text, and the Nebraska and Minnesota rates beside it, are from the syllabus and Part II of the opinion. Read the opinion →
- Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, Pub. L. 93-406, enacted September 2, 1974 — individual retirement accounts first available for tax years beginning after December 31, 1974; and the Revenue Act of 1978, Pub. L. 95-600, § 135, signed November 6, 1978, which added section 401(k) to the Internal Revenue Code, effective for plan years beginning after December 31, 1979.
- National Defense Education Act of 1958, Pub. L. 85-864, signed September 2, 1958, Title II (the federal student loan fund); and the Higher Education Act of 1965, Pub. L. 89-329, signed November 8, 1965, Title IV. No dollar volume of lending under either act is printed in the book; none was sourced for this edition.
- United States Statutes at Large, read directly — Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968, approved April 11, 1968; § 808(b) of the Housing and Community Development Act of 1974, Pub. L. 93-383, 88 Stat. 729 (August 22, 1974), which inserted “sex,” including into section 805, the residential real-estate lending provision; the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, Pub. L. 93-495, title V, 88 Stat. 1521 (October 28, 1974), whose section 707 set the effective date one year on; and the Equal Credit Opportunity Act Amendments of 1976, Pub. L. 94-239, 90 Stat. 251 (March 23, 1976). Implementing Regulation B is cited only as 12 CFR Part 202, no Federal Register citation having been verified. Statutes at Large — govinfo →
Schooling — the courses of study behind the bonus
The Kitchen-Table Curriculum quotes what the government actually printed about what children were to be taught. Every one of these is a federal or state document.
- Smith-Hughes Act, February 23, 1917 (39 Stat. 929), reprinted verbatim in U.S. Federal Board for Vocational Education, Bulletin No. 1, Statement of Policies (GPO, 1917), Appendix A and pp. 27, 30–31, 46–47.
- U.S. Bureau of Education, Home Economics Circular No. 4, Principles and Policies in Home Economics Education, April 1918, Henrietta W. Calvin, pp. 1–5.
- U.S. Bureau of Education, Home Economics Courses of Study for Junior High Schools, October 1920, grades 7–9 project and report tables. Circular number illegible in the surviving scan; cited by title and date.
- U.S. Bureau of Education, Circular No. 10, Present Status of Home Economics Education, November 1921.
- Ohio Department of Education, Ray Fife, A Course of Study in Farm Shop Work for Rural and Village High Schools (Columbus, 1921). Published 1921 — public domain.
- U.S. Office of Education, Bulletin 1937 No. 34, Industrial Arts: Its Interpretation in American Schools, M. M. Proffitt, chairman (GPO, 1938) — the federal definition of industrial arts, the household-mechanics section, and the repair list read in Lesson Six.
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Circular No. 43, Home Demonstration Work Under the Smith-Lever Act, 1914–1924, June 1929, Florence E. Ward — the “self-activity and self-help” principle, and the 1924 count of home demonstration workers.
- National Commission on Excellence in Education, A Nation at Risk (April 1983), “Findings Regarding Content.” Federal commission report — public domain. The wording quoted in the bonus was read from a journal reprint scan and has not been checked against the GPO original; the bonus says so at the point of quotation. Read the report (PDF) →
- National Center for Education Statistics, Karen Levesque, Trends in High School Vocational/Technical Coursetaking: 1982–1998, NCES 2003–025 (2003), Tables 4 and A1 — credits earned in family and consumer sciences and the share of graduates taking any such course. Read it — NCES (PDF) →
- U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics, Table 330.10 — average undergraduate tuition, fees, room and board, 1963–64 through 2023–24. Tuition and required fees are weighted by full-time-equivalent undergraduate enrollment, fifty states and the District of Columbia; the 2023–24 row is provisional in the source. The series begins with 1963–64, and no earlier national tuition figure is printed in the book. See the table — NCES →
The catalogs
- Sears, Roebuck and Co., Catalog No. 157, Fall and Winter 1928–29 (Chicago, 1928). Prices transcribed from the page images, not from anybody’s summary. Published 1928 — public domain (published before 1931). The scanned item carries a Public Domain Mark. Turn the pages yourself — Internet Archive →
- Model T Ford Club of America, Model T Encyclopedia — factory price tables compiled from Ford price bulletins by way of Bruce McCalley’s standard reference. Ford prices are attributed to this compilation in the text, not to the factory directly. Club reference work; no stable public scan address confirmed.
The household books of the period
Not advice from us — the books families actually kept on the shelf. All published before 1931 and therefore in the public domain; every one of them can be read free, in full, right now.
- Anna Steese Richardson, Adventures in Thrift (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1916). Read it — Internet Archive →
- S. Agnes Donham, Spending the Family Income (Boston: Little, Brown, 1921). Read it — Internet Archive →
- Edwin A. Kirkpatrick, The Use of Money: How to Save and How to Spend (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1915). Read it — Internet Archive →
- C. W. Taber, The Business of the Household, 2nd revised edition (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1918/1922) — the four household systems, the verdicts on each, and the signature-card passage quoted in Volume II. The scan linked is the 1922 revised printing. Read it — Internet Archive →
- Mata Roman Friend, Earning and Spending the Family Income (New York: D. Appleton, 1930). Read it — Internet Archive →
The USDA and the wartime kitchen
Farmers’ Bulletins were revised and reprinted for decades under the same number. Where the freely scanned copy is a later printing than the edition we worked from, the printing year of the scan is stated — so you know exactly what you are opening.
- USDA Farmers’ Bulletin No. 1211, Home Canning of Fruits and Vegetables. Federal work — public domain. Scan linked: the 1923 printing. Read it — Internet Archive →
- USDA Farmers’ Bulletin No. 1471, Canning Fruits and Vegetables at Home. Federal work — public domain. Scan linked: the 1932 revision. Read it — Internet Archive →
- USDA Farmers’ Bulletin No. 879, Home Storage of Vegetables (first issued August 1917). Federal work — public domain. Scan linked: the 1933 printing. Read it — Internet Archive →
- USDA Farmers’ Bulletin No. 841, Drying Fruits and Vegetables in the Home (1917). Federal work — public domain. Read it — Internet Archive →
- National War Garden Commission, Home Canning and Drying of Vegetables and Fruits (Washington, 1918). Published 1918 — public domain. Read it — Internet Archive →
- National War Garden Commission, Victory Gardens Feed the Hungry (1919). Published 1919 — public domain. Read it — Internet Archive →
- Charles Lathrop Pack, The War Garden Victorious (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1919). Published 1919 — public domain. Read it — Internet Archive →
- USDA National Agricultural Library and the National Women’s History Museum — wartime home-canning records: the 1943 peak in jars put up, the community canning centers, and the canning-sugar allowance. National WWII Museum and National Park Service home-front articles — sugar rationing from May 1942, coffee from that November, and the red- and blue-point system. National WWII Museum — the victory-garden record and the 1944 economic-need finding. Institutional web publications; the addresses as fetched are kept in the Archive’s research files rather than linked here, because they move.
Cloth, mending, and the home flock
- TRC Leiden Textile Research Centre and the feed-sack literature — the “three million” figure, presented as the estimate it is; the Percy Kent Bag Company’s printed sacks; and the four-sacks-to-a-dress rule of thumb. Research-centre and trade literature; no single public scan address confirmed.
- Louise Stanley, chief of USDA home economics — the wartime mending counsel quoted verbatim in Volume II, as recorded in museum and period-press literature. National Park Service — backyard flocks and unrationed eggs. Quoted at the point of use with the speaker named; no public scan linked.
The voices — the Federal Writers’ Project
When a person in our books speaks, that person was really interviewed, by name, in the year given. Most of them were interviewed by the federal government during the Depression, and the manuscripts are online, free, in the interviewer’s own typing.
- Library of Congress, American Life Histories: Manuscripts from the Federal Writers’ Project, 1936 to 1940 — 2,800-odd life histories. Individual narrators are cited by name where they are quoted. Federal work — public domain. Read the collection — Library of Congress →
- Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, Great Depression curriculum oral histories — including Margaret Barrett, born 1917. Education-program material; no stable public scan address confirmed.
- Briefly quoted period journalism and memoir — a 1950 Time dispatch on Levittown, and one oral-history line from Studs Terkel’s Hard Times. Still under copyright; quoted briefly under fair use, with attribution at the point of quotation. Not reproduced here.
The plates — public-domain documents, with their provenance
Every document reproduced in the Archive is a public-domain original: a federal work, or something published before 1931, or a Library of Congress item marked “no known restrictions on publication.” Nothing else gets in. Here is each one, with the reason it may be reproduced and the address of the copy we worked from.
- Plates I–III — Sears, Roebuck and Co. Catalog No. 157, Fall and Winter 1928–29 (Chicago, 1928): pages 666 (Silvertone radios), 914 (the Water Witch electric washer), and 10 (ladies’ coats). Published 1928 — public domain. Scanned item carries a Public Domain Mark. See the catalog — Internet Archive →
- Plate IV — Proclamation 2039 of March 6, 1933, the “bank holiday,” page 1 typescript. Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library, Speech File 612, by way of the Digital Public Library of America. United States federal document — public domain (17 U.S.C. § 105). See the document →
- Plate V — United States Postal Savings System certificate of deposit, $5, issued September 10, 1932. Post Office Department instrument — federal work, public domain. The only public copy is small, so it is printed small in the book rather than enlarged into mush. See the certificate →
- Plate VI — Walker Evans, “Grocery store. Greensboro, Alabama,” 1936 (LC-DIG-fsa-8c52416). Farm Security Administration / Office of War Information collection, Library of Congress — “no known restrictions on publication.” See the photograph — Library of Congress →
- Plate VII — Russell Lee, “Interior of grocery store. Funkley, Minnesota,” 1937 (LC-DIG-fsa-8b36837). Farm Security Administration / Office of War Information collection, Library of Congress — “no known restrictions on publication.” See the photograph — Library of Congress →
- Plate VIII — “Help us preserve your surplus…food,” Work Projects Administration Poster Collection, Library of Congress (LCCN 98518439), about 1941–43. Federal agency work — public domain. See the poster — Library of Congress →
- Plate IX — War Ration Book No. 3, front cover, 1943. Office of Price Administration. Federal document — public domain. See the ration book →
- Plate X — Office of Price Administration ration point stamps, 1942–45. Federal documents — public domain. See the stamps →
- Plate XI — “Buy War Bonds” (Uncle Sam), U.S. Treasury / Office of War Information poster, 1942. National Archives identifier 514010. Federal work — public domain. See it — National Archives → See the scan we used →
- The rights statement behind the two photographs above, in the Library’s own words. Farm Security Administration / Office of War Information collection →
How the conversions are made
Old money is turned into today’s money with the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ own Consumer Price Index — no house formula, no rounding in our favor. This edition’s basis is May 2026 = 335.123, the latest month published when it went to press, and the method is printed inside the book so you can redo any line yourself.
Prices are national or principal-city averages unless a caption says otherwise; the price at any one counter, on any one day, varied. Where the source itself calls a figure an estimate, we call it an estimate too. A ratio — a house against a year’s income, a price against an hour’s wage — needs no conversion at all, and none is applied to one.
Works of the United States government are in the public domain (17 U.S.C. § 105); so are publications issued before 1931. Two of the papers above are neither, and it is worth being exact about it: the Federal Reserve Banks of Philadelphia and Richmond are federally chartered corporations rather than federal agencies, so their research papers are their own property and not a government work. Their sites permit use for informational, educational and research purposes; we quote them with attribution, name the author and the paper at the point of use, and reproduce neither. The same holds for the handful of scholarly articles, the one company letter, and the reference works listed above: quoted briefly, attributed on the page, never reproduced.
Our compilation, conversions, tables, and design are our own work.
This is history, not financial advice.
These sources are the ones behind the Archive Series — the record of what things cost, and what people did about it. See the Archive →
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